Vol. 7, Issue 7, Part A (2025)

Molecular genetic tools have revolutionized fisheries science by enabling precise assessment of biodiversity, population structure and ecosystem health. Among these, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics are transformative approaches. Metagenomics involves sequencing DNA from environmental samples, allowing culture-independent profiling of microbial and genetic diversity, detection of pathogens and monitoring of Environmental DNA (eDNA) in aquatic populations. Metatranscriptomics complements this by sequencing total RNA, particularly mRNA to reveal active gene expression and functional activity in aquatic communities. These techniques are invaluable for understanding microbial roles in nutrient cycling, disease dynamics, and responses to environmental stressors. They also aid in detecting unrecognized and invasive species assessing genetic diversity and uncovering adaptive traits. Integrating metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data offers a comprehensive view of both taxonomic composition and functional potential providing critical insights for sustainable fisheries management and conservation. Together, these tools enhance our capacity to monitor population health and adapt to changing environmental conditions.