Vol. 7, Issue 4, Part A (2025)

Heat stress significantly compromises bovine health and productivity, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. At the cellular level, heat stress triggers a cascade of physiological and biochemical alterations aimed at restoring homeostasis. This review focuses on the cellular mechanisms activated in cows under heat stress, including thermoregulatory responses, endocrine adjustments, oxidative stress pathways, immune modulation, and apoptosis. Central to this cellular response is the upregulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs), antioxidant defense mechanisms, and key hormonal axes such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Understanding these mechanisms provides a foundation for developing precise interventions to mitigate the effects of thermal stress on livestock.